Essay on WOMENEssay Writing Service

Essay on WOMENEssay Writing Service Essay on WOMEN Essay on WOMENOnce there were distinctive differences between men and women, their roles in the society and models of behavior. Much has changed since those times. Today, gender roles have shifted essentially influencing societies and civilization on the whole. Women in the Western culture are now no more content with the role of a homemaker; they go out to make their own careers and share the same rights as men. It goes without saying that freedom is more a virtue than a burden; still there are a number of questions arising. Fighting for their rights, the most active women have given birth to a stream of movements and ideologies united under the title of feminism. Today, there is a continuous discourse on the behalf of both opponents and proponents of feminism, but the main thing is to understand the very roots and reasons of the phenomenon. Therefore, this study is intended to find out the objective state of the problem and conclude whether women do win by acquiring the equal stat us with men. For that end, the existing literature covering different perspectives will be analyzed. In particular, the study will focus on protofeminist movements in Europe of the 19the century; passing the Representation of the People Act in 1918; demonstrations on women’s suffrage; women’s efforts during the First World War and the Second World War; the first wave, the second wave and the third wave feminism on the whole. The research is expected to prove that although social reconstruction of sex and gender is not always beneficial neither for women nor for men, the struggle for equal opportunities has become a historically determined stage of social development.The collection of archive video is presented to show how women struggled for emancipation through 1890-1930. This primary source is extremely valuable for a foundational research because it pictures the way women lived at the end of the nineteenth century, and in what way women were expected to be feminine. It is also demonstrated how their lives have been reshaped by the end of 1920s. For example, women with dangerous occupations are shown. This film helps to realize what the thoughts and feelings of women were like at the beginning of emancipation movement.The interview with one of the most thought-provoking and uncompromising feminist theoreticians of the twenty-first century gives an image of the new feminist religion and helps to understand what values and views are spread among feminists today. This primary source deals with sex equality issues, provides legal definitions of sexual harassment, and profoundly criticizes pornography industry as an explicit practice of sex inequality. The information provided by Catherine MacKinnon can be used as an evidence of the realized need for broader horizons for women.The author tries to investigate the relationship between feminist theory and capitalist ideology. A source addressing philosophical perspective is beneficial for a multifacete d research because it provides a useful base to operate with such terms as identity, patriarchy, globalization, and essentialism, often met in the feminist literature. What is more, the book is well-structured, so that it shows how the first, second, and third waves of feminism spanned.The study focuses on the current state of feminism and explains how the so-called third wave began. Although the main attention is paid to the end of the twentieth century and current moment, there is also a deep sight into the genesis of feminity. Generational account of feminism, at the same time, makes it clear for a reader why there are disputes and controversies within the movement.The book deals with an interesting aspect, the relationship between feminist movement and popular culture. It is obvious that today feminism has already penetrated into the mainstream, so the authors try to find out what factors made it possible and what the possible consequences are. The source seems to be even more u seful because it provides alternative view through the analysis of such popular texts as Sex and the City, hip hop culture, Bridget Jones and so on.The source adds much understanding of womanist theory. The author focuses on women’s culture. The source is useful because it places the aspect of womanhood into the context of global problems, including the Civil Rights Movement and nuclear weapons. What is more, it makes the feelings of women clearer, which is important for an objective view.The authors have chosen the relationships between feminism and domesticity as their main subject. The lens they look through is popular culture, mostly reality shows produced in the United States. As popular culture has a serious impact on youth, the study helps to realize the power of feminist ideology today.Judith Worell examines the main contributions made by feminists to the discipline of psychology. Equality and social justice are promoted for all in the different aspects of feminist ps ychology. For example, there is a proposition to develop innovative approaches to therapeutic practice for women. Thus, the information can be used to see the difference between common scholarship and the reflected areas.

Definition and Examples of Monologues

Definition and Examples of Monologues A monologue is a  speech or composition  presenting the words or thoughts of a single character. (Compare with dialogue.) Someone who delivers a monologue is called a monologuist or monologist. Leonard Peters describes a monologue as a dialogue between two people. One person speaking, the other listening and reacting, creating a relationship between the two (Demystifying the Monologue, 2006). Etymology From the Greek, speaking alone Examples and Observations It was the first day off in a long time, and all of us were trying to get a little rest and relaxation out by the pool at this big, modern hotel that looked something like a prison. If I had to call it anything I would call it a pleasure prison. It was the kind of place you might come to on a package tour out of Bangkok. Youd come down on a chartered bus - and youd probably not wander off the grounds because of the high barbed-wire fence they have to keep you in and the bandits out. And every so often you would hear shotguns going off as the hotel guards fired at rapid dogs down along the beach on the Gulf of Siam.But if you really wanted to walk on the beach, all you had to learn to do was pick up a piece of seaweed, shake it in the dogs face and everything would be hunky dory.(Spalding Gray, Swimming to Cambodia. Theatre Communications Group, 2005)A monologue is a predominantly verbal presentation given by a single person featuring a collection of ideas, often loosely assembled ar ound one or more themes. Note that I do not define it as a strictly verbal presentation; many, though certainly not all, successful monologuists also employ nonverbal elements to great effect, such as, their use of facial expressions and hand gestures, along with a variety of props and stage devices.(Jay Sankey, Zen and the Art of the Monologue. Routledge, 2000) Monologues and Dialogues A conversation is a dialogue, not a monologue. Thats why there are so few good conversations: due to scarcity, two intelligent talkers seldom meet.​  (Truman Capote)There is no such thing as conversation. It is an illusion. There are intersecting monologues, that is all. We speak; we spread round us with sounds, with words, an emanation from ourselves. Sometimes they overlap the circles that others are spreading around themselves. They they are affected by those other circles, to be sure, but not because of any real communication that has taken place, merely as a scarf of blue chiffon lying on a womans dressing table will change colour if she casts down on it a scarf of red chiffon.​  (Rebecca West, There Is No Conversation. The Harsh Voice, 1935) Two Versions of Hamlets Famous Monologue (Modernized Spelling) 1603 Version (Bad Quarto) To be, or not to be, aye theres the point, To die, to sleep, is that all? Aye, all. No, to sleep, to dream, aye, marry, there it goes, For in that dream of death, when we awake, And born before an everlasting judge, From whence no passenger ever returned, The undiscovered country, at whose sight The happy smile, and the accursed damned. But for this, the joyful hope of this. Whod bear the scorns and flattery of the world, Scorned by the right rich, the rich cursed of the poor? The widow being oppressed, the orphan wronged, The taste of hunger, or a tyrants reign, And thousand more calamities besides, To grunt and sweat under this weary life, When that he may his full quietus make, With a bare bodkin, who would this endure, But for a hope of something after death? Which puzzles the brain, and doth confound the sense, Which makes us rather bear those evils we have, Than fly to others that we know not of. Aye thatO this conscience makes cowards of us all. 1604-1605 Version (Second Quarto)To be, or not to be, that is the question:Whether tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep - No moreand by a sleep to say we endThe heartache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to! Tis a consummationDevoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep - To sleepperchance to dream: ay, theres the rub,For in that sleep of death what dreams may comeWhen we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause. Theres the respectThat makes calamity of so long life:For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,The oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely,The pangs of despised love, the laws delay,The insolence of office, and the spurnsThat patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus makeWith a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear,To grunt and sweat under a weary life,But that the dread of something after dea th,The undiscovered country from whose bournNo traveller returns, puzzles the will,And makes us rather bear those ills we haveThan fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied over with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pitch and momentWith this regard their currents turn awryAnd lose the name of action.(William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act Three, scene 1) The Lighter Side of Monologues You know, there are some things that are actually harder to do with two people. Like, monologues.(Tina Fey as Liz Lemon in 30 Rock, 2006) Pronunciation: MA-neh-log Also Known As: dramatic soliloquy Alternate Spellings: monolog

Response to Progressive Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response to Progressive Reforms - Essay Example The writer of rough draft 2 is of the opinion that progressive reformers did restrain the power of American capitalism. According to the writer, the progressive reformers were successful in their quest by demanding better-working conditions, regulating the economy, and fighting for women rights. The writer’s draft captures the socio-economic part of the reform movement but does not expound on the political aspects that the reformers sought to improve. As such, this draft would be improved by noting that progressive reformers had an impact on American politics by changing the policies and principles that the nation was founded on.   Progressive reformers had an impact on domestic policies as they advocated for the protection of the poor and workers from capitalists tendencies through anti-trust laws. Also, progressive reformers called for redistribution of resources and government regulation of commerce and production. Mooney also notes that progressives advocated for governm ent regulation in the employment of women (60).   The government instituted reforms that enabled poor Americans benefit from the available resources and also regulated aspects regarding commerce and production.   As such, the basis of today’s liberalism that permeates in American politics has its roots from progressivism, showing that indeed progressive reformers affected the political sphere as much as the socio-economic aspects.   The quote to apply and best answer the question as the writer intended would be that the reforms.

The Progressive Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Progressive Era - Essay Example During this era, African-Americans and women were not authorized to participate in politics. The presidents of the progressive era viewed as game changers. This is evident from the several constitutional amendments done in that period of time. The era was marked by four different constitutional amendments. The first one was the 16th amendment authorizing government operations to be financed by graduated income tax. The next was the 17th amendment providing for direct election of senators. The 18th amendment barred the importation and sale of alcohol. The 19th amendment allowed women to participate in voting. The game changes also involved enforcement of several reforms. For instance the government of the United States exercised control in the banking system by forming federal reform systems. Large tracks of land were set aside to serve as national forests promoting the beauty of the country. The presidents of the progressive era tended to expose the United States on the evolutionary path. Some citizens were viewed to be more evolved than others. The progressive era presidents highly believed in American society, religion, politics and American capitalism. They never engaged in Marxism, communism or anarchy activities. They were among the lucky people to get school beyond high school education hence the reason for the several changes associated with their terms. They had common belief in education empowerment as well as common interest to the society. However there were two main opposing views among the progressive era presidents the way reforms were to occur. The two views were reforms from within and reforms from without. In the reforms from within, those who supported it argued that since challenges were local thus solutions should be local. The others believed that challenges were coming from outside and thus actors needed to from outside. The three presidents of the progressive era included, Teddy Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson (Lubove 22). They had several dif ferences one being that it was the republic presidents who failed to offer voting rights to women. Teddy Roosevelt was of the belief that individuals ought to be bread selectively just like cattle. Another difference between the republicans and the democrats was that the republicans pushed the agenda for equal rights which democrats did not approve. The democrats of the progressive era formed KKK which forbids the blacks from voting for the Republicans. Foreign Policy in Progressive Era Before its entry to World War 1 America the best way possible to maintain its diplomatic ties with Asia. The commitment of the country’s troops in 1917 contributed much to the country’s victory giving President Wilson the reason to shape peace. The war with Spain led to the building of a canal that linked Pacific Ocean with Atlantic Ocean. The project of constructing the canal was taken over from the French people. All through the progressive era, the United States had followed a policy referred to as policy of intervention. It was applied in the Caribbean and Central America. In the Plat Amendment, The United States had the mandate to intervene Cuba in preserving their independence as well their social and political stability. President Roosevelt played a major role in maintaining peace in between Japan and Russia. The event was aimed at limiting the gains of Japan as it was a major power in Asia. This earned President

Literary Essay Essay Example for Free

Literary Essay Essay Nothing says adventure like running away from villains and getting shot at to start a career as a spy. Though many townspeople of Cumberland in Geoffrey Treases Cue for Treason think Peter Brownrigg is the best of the best, it is clear that not many people inherit the qualities to become a good spy. Katherine Russel is an exception. Kit is courageous and secretive, and therefor is the best spy in Cumberland. To begin, courage is one Kits most striking characteristics. Although it is shown throughout the book on many occasions, by a couple characters, it tells us that she is a brave person. One example of this was when the miners tried to block the road so they could rob the two, but they failed. This happened because kit was able to be courageous affectively, at the right time. â€Å"So she rode back. Heroine or idiot? I didn’t know. I’m flattered to know that, for the moment, she was thinking more of my fate† (Trease 253) said Peter Brownrigg after Kit turned to save him. Katherine was able to get away on her horse when peter was unable to. Katherine was being very courageous risking her own life for that of her friends when faced with a dangerous situation. When Mr. Desmond fell into a river with his horse Katherine was one of the first people to jump in and save him. As peter said himself â€Å"She swam like an otter, and I saw at once that I needn’t fear for her anymore, than myself† (90). Jumping into a river to save someone who is injured must be the biggest act of courage and bravery. Again she risks her life for that of someone else’s and returns unscathed. She also risked revealing her secret when she changed from her wet clothes. The last point would be when Kit manages to find out Mr.  Armthwaite is actually a friend of Sir Philip Morten. Courage is shown here when she threatens him and jumps out of a window with Peter. â€Å"If you touch that bell cord† said Kit â€Å"you’ll get something that will upset you still more† (229). Mr. Armthwaite is left dumbfounded that she found this out. The courage is shown here when she finds it in herself to pull out her gun and start accusing Mr. Armthwaite of being on Cahoots with Sir Philip Morten. These are the parts of the book that show she is courageous which is as to why she is the best spy in Cumberland. Next, Kit shows how she is very secretive and protective about her life and about how many things people know about her. The main secret she is keeping from everyone is that she is a girl. She does not relize it but all the other child actors, at the time, were angry because she did not participate in any of their games or activities that would show her true identity. â€Å"Kit showed no special interest in me –or anyone else, for he lived a strange aloof existence† (75) said Peter when he was discovering and questioning who kit was â€Å"Who was Kit Kirkstone? † (74). This is an important part of the book because it gives Peter an idea that he is actually a she. It also shows that she was able to keep her secret for that long already. Another good way she was being secretive was the way she never told anyone bout Sir Philip Morton or what he was going to do to her. This was shown when Kit spills the beans on her past life including the arranged marriage with Sir Philip â€Å" I pity the man who marries you against your will† (114) chuckled Shakespeare. The way the other characters react when this is told is surprisingly believable (shocked and surprised). This is so because Sir Philip Morton is also the man chasing peter. Katherine was also able to keep this a secret till this part of the book. The Last point would be when Kit tells Mr. Desmond she is actually a boy. Mr. Desmond is one of the many people who believed this throughout most of the book. After giving Mr. Desmond a fake name, Katherine is allowed into the actors group after showing some talent â€Å"Kirkstone will pass† sighed Desmond. This is shows how good she is at lying. Kit had no choice to lie to Mr. Desmond because he would have not let her act if she found out she was a girl. Mr.  Desmond would have put her on backstage with his wife Mrs. Desmond. Considering all the points that were shown throughout the book on Kits secrecy and true identity, it’s safe to say that she is the best spy in Cumberland. In conclusion, courageous and secretive are just two of the many words to describe Katherine Russel, which shows she is the best spy in Cumberland. Through the acts and demonstrations given by Katherine Russel, it is obvious she should continue down the path that she has chosen, but when shown again, is the life of a spy an appropriate one? Appropriate for a twelve year old girl?

Procedures, Parameters & Sub-programs :: essays research papers

Procedures, Parameters & Sub-Programs In any modern programming language, procedures play a vital role in the construction of any new software. These days, procedures are used instead of the old constructs of GOTO and GOSUB, which have since become obsolete. Procedures provide a number of important features for the modern software engineer:- Programs are easier to write. Procedures save a large amount of time during software development as the programmer only needs to code a procedure once, but can use it a number of times. Procedures are especially useful in recursive algorithms where the same piece of code has to be executed over and over again. The use of procedures allows a large and complex program to be broken up into a number of much smaller parts, each accomplished by a procedure. Procedures also provide a form of abstraction as all the programmer has to do is know how to call a procedure and what it does, not how it accomplishes the task. Programs are easier to read. Procedures help to make programs shorter, and thus easier to read, by replacing long sequences of statements with one simple procedure call. By choosing goo procedure names, even the names of the procedures help to document the program and make it easier to understand. Programs are easier to modify. When repeated actions are replaced by one procedure call, it becomes much easier to modify the code at a later stage, and also correct any errors. By building up the program in a modular fashion via procedures it becomes much easier to update and replace sections of the program at a later date, if all the code for the specific section is in a particular module. Programs take less time to compile. Replacing a sequence of statements with once simple procedure call usually reduces the compilation time of the program, so long as the program contains more than one reference to the procedure! Object programs require less memory. Procedures reduce the memory consumption of the program in two ways. Firstly they reduce code duplication as the code only needs to be stored once, but the procedure can be called many times. Secondly, procedures allow more efficient storage of data, because storage for a procedure's variables is allocated when the procedure is called and deallocated when it returns. We can divide procedures into two groups:- Function procedures, are procedures which compute a single value and whose calls appear in expressions For example, the procedure ABS is a function procedure, when given a number x, ABS computes the absolute value of x; a call of ABS appears in an expression,

Child Marraige Essay

It blocks them from education and any possibility of independent work. It subjects them to pregnancy and childbirth before they have reached physical maturity, a circumstance that often produces serious physical trauma, psychological disturbance, and sometimes lifelong physical and/or emotional incapacities. Confusion about the legal status of child marriages results from widespread ignorance of the law by the majority of society. Even ministers were in many cases, unaware of the actual minimum ages for marriage. In Afghanistan marriage is regulated by civil law, various interpretations of Shariah law, and traditional and customary practices. Civil law sets the minimum marriage age for females at 16, but it permits a father to give his daughter in marriage at age 15, if he chooses. Shariah law sets the minimum age for females at 15. Customary practices approve marriage at earlier ages. In any case, Civil law takes precedence over both Shariah law and customary practice. (Shariah law is applied in matters not specifically set forth in the civil codes. Although the non registration of the marriages and the absence of identification documents do not allow the collection of accurate data on the subject, the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) consider the non respect of the minimum age requirement to be the major violation of the right to marry or not to marry. In addition, Afghanistan is bound to end child marriage through its ratification of certain internationalconventions including The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Based on annual report of AIHRC suicides, self immolations, murders, sexual perversions and psychological disorders are amongst the many negative consequences of child marriage. These also include the increase of maternal and child mortality rates, and the low level of education for women which has a long term effect on the role these play in the country’s political, social and economic life. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) report, girls who marry during their childhood do not develop properly, neither physically nor psychologically. They are frequently denied access to education and are subject to different types of diseases arising from abnormal births and isolation. Childhood marriages are common place and prevalent in Afghanistan. In this respect, the Afghan Constitution has clear provisions to support families and children. Based on the reports 57% of Afghan girls are forced to marry before the age of eighteen. Pregnancies of sixteen years old girls are relatively common in Afghanistan. Problem statement: Child marriage is a serious problem, and there are frequent cases of young girls being married to the much older men. Many times, children and teenagers are pulled out of school to marry, depriving them of an education and meaningful work. Victims suffer health risks associated with early sexual activity, such as high risks of maternal and child mortality and sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV/AIDS. They are also likely to be victims of domestic, sexual, and/or emotional abuse, and may suffer from social isolation. Child marriages have negative and unexpected consequences like propagation of disease, divorce cases and escaping from home. While parent’s poverty and illiteracy may lead to their marrying daughters as child, these very marriages will prevent the daughters from having access to education and economic progress. Research Questions: 1. What are the Social, Economic and Political consequences of forced and early marriages in rural society? Objective The focus of this concept paper is to know reasons, causes and consequences of early childhood marriages in Afghanistan. In addition this will seek on vulnerabilities which the girls face by forced and early marriages in rural areas and how it is linked with the rural society and contribute with the poverty, violence and isolation of the families. Research method: The Research will included literature review, reviews of existing files in hospitals and schools, interviews with hospital and school directors, interviews with Rural people (Target area), Government officials and NGOs. Forced Marriages in Afghanistan Afghanistan y Tahera Nassrat   |   on April 6th, 2010   |   9 comments Throughout the world, there are 49 countries that have forced marriage or child bride problems. Forced marriage is simply breach of basic human rights. It is a form of domestic violence and child abuse that contributes to a society’s problems. Afghanistan is one of the Islamic countries where people hold strongly tight to customs and traditions. Breaking the tradition of marrying young children, both boys and g irls, is not only difficult, but near impossible in most urban districts. In the rural areas of Afghanistan, girls are mostly married between ages of 7 to 11. It is really rare that a girl reaches the age of 16 and is not married. The customs, traditions and community they live in make it impossible for girls to break free from forced marriages. They do not get ask to speak for self desire. The fathers in the families mostly decide, as the mothers do not get involved in the decisions, because they are women. By marrying   children in early ages, families are putting them in situations of isolation, health problems, abuse, suicide and lack of education. They believe, they are doing best for their children and without their consents, they bond them into marriage contracts. However, they don’t consider that forced marriage affect women and young children adversely. It involves negative situations like threatening behavior, emotional blackmail, physical violence, rape, sexual abuse, suicide and even murder and young children are obviously not in the capacity to handle such pressure. According to a United Nations’ report, between 60 to 80 percent of marriages in Afghanistan are forced marriages. The report states that the reason why girls are dragged into forced marriages are; repayment of debts; to solve a dispute and to pay family expenses. Moreover, It is obvious among Pashtons, that their widow will never marry someone out of their family, as they always marry the brother of their deceased husband. However in a non-Pashton family, the girl is asked to marry her brother-in-law to get support for the children of her sister. Even worse, some sisters are married to pay for the crime of their brothers by marrying the victims. So, people in Afghanistan believe it is part of culture to marry a girl before age of 18th and not let her have a say, but they should consider that forcing a girl to marry cannot be regarded as cultural practice in any society. It is a violation of basic human rights. Therefore, women as part of society should be able to freely express their choices about their lifestyle desires. The video bellow is history of a 12 year girl who was forced into marriage. She ran away to break free from her in-laws, but unfortunately was arrested and in form of punishment by her husband (a Talib) she lost her nose and ear. Child Marriage in Afghanistan October 2, 2011 by Aamozgar01 Filed under Cultural, Featured 5 Comments If the government of Afghanistan does not stop the practice of child marriage, most mothers will lose their children besides their own lives in Afghanistan as a result of under age marriage. Indeed, getting married under the age of eighteen or sixteen is not legal according to any law around world because it is internationally accepted that at least the couples should be sixteen. Although according to the Afghan Civil Law the minimum age of marriage for male is 18 and female 16, according to reports of Medica Mondiale and UNICEF, 57 per cent of Afghan females are married under the age sixteen without their consent because of their parent’s financial problems. Moreover, Getting married under 16 sixteen will result several serious health problems for mothers that cause them not to develop properly, neither physically nor psychologically (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). For instance, a woman living in Qala-e-Bakhtiar of Kabul with her six children has said to Medica Mondial that she was only 15 when she was married against her will. She hates the noise of her children   because   of   having   psychological   problems. (W. Mukhatari , pg 6). The marriage of children by force is against human rights. Children know nothing about their sexual relationship with their life partners, because they are still child and their parents should take care of them. Therefore, to save the Afghan female hildren from being exchanged for an amount   of   money   to   solve   a   family s   financial   problems,   Afghanistan government   should   educate   and campaign     about   consequences   of   child   marriage,   increase employment opportunities for parents, and enforce the law by making the marriage registration legal. In spite of understanding the childhood condition of children, most of the Afghan parents marry their daughters because financial problems they are facing. Poverty is a challenge, which changes the lives of children besides the culture of early child marriage. According to the report by Millennium Development Goals for Afghanistan, the average income of per member of family is 200$ a year and less than one dollar   a   day. So, they   are   considered   below   the   poverty   line     (Earily     Marriage   in Afghanistan). Thus, to get out of the financial crises the marriage of their daughters before their legal ages such 16 or 18 would be considered for some families the only option for the parents to protect their family honor, pay their debts and take a little amount of money in exchange for their. First of all, one of the reasons of child marriage is to receive an exorbitant amount of money, which is called Toyana (wedding expenses) in Dari. The payment that parents   receive from the groom family is not less than 300,000 Afs. and is not meant to be the wedding expenses, but the price of their child daughter. In a report about the child   marriages   in   Afghanistan   by   the   Women   and   Children   Legal   Research   Foundation (WCLRF) shows that most of the interviewees have said that the only reason they were married in their childhoods was to receive Toyana from the groom’s family (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). Secondly, the other factor that makes the poor families marry their daughters under the age sixteen, often times in rural areas, is to exchange women for women which is called Badal. The practice of this type of marriage is very common among the afghan people. This kind of marriage saves a huge expense of both sides because of exchanging their child daughters from a family to another family to satisfy both sides. The wedding party of such kind of marriage is often   celebrated at one time to avoid spending an   large amount of money. Indeed, it is the little young female who is devoted for her brother and is victimized for a little amount of money. Third, debt is another function that the females are exchanged for under the age sixteen in Afghanistan. When a family is unable to pay its debt within limited time that agreed, then the family is supposed to pay a huge amount that satisfy the lender, such as building, farming land, in some cases even a daughter otherwise the family is put in jail. So, the only remaining option for the family to protect its ancestors   property would be to sacrifice a daughter as a form of repayment for debt. It does not matter whether the child daughter is 9 or 18 years. As an explicit example, Shahs Family had to marry their 9 year old daughter Khalida   two years ago. Shah had received almost 2000$ from a drug trader to grow opium in his land, but the government crop-eradication team destroyed his poppy field and put the Shah family in debt. So, he had to give his 9 years daughter to drug trader because nothing was left in his life. (Clifford) Forth, the traditional custom of Afghan people is victimizing the child females in most of the rural areas. One of the reasons of child marriage in Afghanistan is Baad, which is a traditional way of having the child females to marry one of males from the family of   enemy and forcing her to accept him as her husband in compensation for the crime that her father or brother has committed against the enemy family, and to stop the enmity between two families. For instance, Aisha, an Afghan female whose nose and ears were cut by her Al-Qaeda husband in Oruzgan province, was just 8 years old when she was given as a Baad to her husband family 10 years ago (Shaming her in-laws costs ). Because her father had killed a member of her husband family, so he had to give his daughter to compensate his crime and to avoid being imprisoned or being killed by his enemy. Unfortunately, when the child female goes to her husband house in Baad marriage she is not going to her in-laws   house as a bride but as a slave. Consequently, the child marriage has several negative impacts on the health of both, mothers and babies. The female children wh o are married under the age of 16 0r 18 would not be prepared for pregnancies and child birth. A statistic of child marriage by Women and Children Legal   Research   Foundation   (WCLRF)   shows   that   28. 7%   mothers   have   physiological   and psychological problems, 34. 1% have physically weak children,   8. 9% have handicapped and disabled children, 1. 6% have children with different types of diseases and disorders, and 40. 4% of these women have suffered from gynecological disease (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). In addition, the child marriage would result to take the life of the mothers along with losing the babies. Most   of   the   mothers   who   are   dying   at the age of   18-19   are   because   of   their   early regnancies, and the chance of   survival for the babies would be forty per cent comparing to the mothers who married in their proper ages (Sadik). Furthermore, child marriage would result the child brides to be abused by their in-laws family. Most of the child females face various violations after t hey get married, such as no right to choose, no right to go somewhere without the permission of her husband . When the violation increase the child bride is going to be isolated from the families and relatives. Thus, the only options that remains for the child bride is to suicide or escape from home. The interview of female prisoners by   the   Medica   Mendials   legal   staff   shows   that   60%   of prisoners   were   the   escapees   from husbands   houses who were married under the age sixteen. Most of the prisoners have said that they   were   being   abused   or   even   being   threaten   to   dead by   their   in-laws   families (W. Mukhatari , pg 9) . To come out of the child marriage problem and save little young girls in Afghanistan, education and awareness of public are the main keys to prevent from child marriage. The government should provide community education programs to inform the public about negative consequences of child marriage. Such programs can be implemented easily by   Ministry of Women Affairs, which   can   easily   teach   the   women   of   an   area   without   any   problem,   or   in   other   way,   the government should pay the clergymen of mosques to advice the parents on their tribunes. These are the only sources that families can trust on. Moreover, the government should implement public awareness campaigns by international organizations and by holding Shoras and Jirgas with the elders of rural areas to talk about the negative impacts of child marriage (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). The government of Afghanistan should enforce the law to prevent child marriages. For instance, keeping the marriage registration regularly by the government agencies and receiving the evidence and acquiescence of both sides could be a possible way to reduce the child marriage. For example, in parts of   Indonesia, registration of marriage is dependent on evidence that the marriage is not forced on couples (Sadik). The parents who marry their daughters in their childhood under the age 16 should punished and persecuted seriously by the government as governments of Norway and Kyrgyzstan did. They both have set the minimum age of the girls 17 and the punishment of those who marry the females earlier than the age 17 would be jailed for 2 to 6 years. Weak Economy is another factor, which causes most child marriages in Afghanistan. The government should try to develop the economic situation in rural areas where   women have   cannot   earn   money   for   themselves. For example,   the   project   of Micro finance Investment   Support   Facility   for   Afghanistan,   which   is   donated   by   the   World   Bank   and   is implemented by the Rural Rehabilitation and Development Ministry, should be accessible for all women the Afghanistan. In fact, lending a little amount of money to women can be   the   start   of   their   business   to   provide   their   own   necessities. For example   Saima Mohammad who was about to be divorced by her husband because of having only a daughter and no son. Her husband had borrowed 3,000$, and he was not able to pay it back. So, Saima went to Pakistani micro finance organization called Kashf Foundation, took out only 65$ as loan and bought her 65$ bead and clothes to make embroidery from them and sell them to market in Lahor. She has everything now, and even her husband is working with her (Knistaff). The government should be serious in taking important steps against child   marriages in Afghanistan, because child marriage is dangerous for the health of both, mothers and their babies. People should be informed; the parents who force their child daughters to marry and those who marry females under the age sixteen should be punished. Most importantly, the economic situation of people should be developed to prevent them to not marry their children under the age sixteen in exchange for an amount of money. So, the Afghan government needs to increase peoples’ awareness about the outcome of early marriage, make employment opportunities and persecute those who marry their children before the age sixteen. Written by: Zabiullah Zabi http://www. aamozgar. org/child-marriage-in-afghanistan/ Forced and Child Marriage Forced and child marriages entrap women and young girls in relationships that deprive them of their basic human rights. Forced marriage constitutes a human rights violation in and of itself. Article One of the  Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages  states that â€Å"No marriage shall be legally entered into without the full and free consent of both parties, such consent to be expressed by them in person after due publicity and in the presence of the authority competent to solemnize the marriage and of witnesses, as prescribed by law. † The Marriage Convention addresses the issue of age. According to Article 2 of the  Convention, â€Å"States Parties to the present Convention shall take legislative action to specify a minimum age for marriage. No marriage shall be legally entered into by any person under this age, except where a competent authority has granted a dispensation as to age, for serious reasons, in the interest of the intending spouses. †Ã‚   Under General Assembly Resolution 2018 (XX) of 1 November 1965, â€Å"Recommendation on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages,† Principle II states that the minimum age to marry be set no lower than fifteen years. However, this is only a recommendation and it still allows room for a competent authority to grant â€Å"dispensation as to age for serious reasons. Leaving the minimum age of consent to the discretion of each country and allowing an authority to make exceptions to the minimum age of marriage aggravates the potential for early and forced marriages. Forced marriages differ from arranged marriages. In forced marriages, one or both of the partners cannot give free or valid consent to the marriage. Forced marriages i nvolve varying degrees of force, coercion or deception, ranging from emotional pressure by family or community members to abduction and imprisonment. Emotional pressure from a victim’s family includes repeatedly telling the victim that the family’s social standing and reputation are at stake, as well as isolating the victim or refusing to speak to her. In more severe cases, the victim can be subject to physical or sexual abuse, including rape. In arranged marriages, the parents and families play a leading role in arranging the marriage, but the individuals getting married can nonetheless chose whether to marry or not. Many regard arranged marriage as a well-established cultural tradition that flourishes in many communities, so a clear distinction should be drawn between forced and arranged marriages. However, in some cases the difference between a forced marriage and an arranged marriage may be purely semantic. In her January 2007 report, â€Å"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Aspects of the Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children,† Sigma Huda states that, â€Å"[a] marriage imposed on a woman not by explicit force, but by subjecting her to relentless pressure and/or manipulation, ften by telling her that her refusal of a suitor will harm her family’s standing in the community, can also be understood as forced. † Prevalence Forced and child marriage mainly affects young women and girls, although there are cases of young men and boys being forced to marry—especially if there are concerns about his sexual orientation. Reliable statistics on forced marriage are difficult to compile due to the unofficial and, therefore, undocumented nature of most forced marriages. In 2003, the International Centre for Research on Women estimated that more than 51 million girls under 18 years were married and they expected the figure to rise to over 100 million within the next ten years. Similarly, in 2006, experts estimated that thirty-eight percent of young women aged 20 to 24 in the fifty least developed countries were married before the age of 18. >>Learn more Causes and Risk Factors No major world religion sanctions forced marriage. It is purely a cultural practice. However, no culture exclusively practices forced marriage. Victims are forced into marriage for many different reasons. In the  United Kingdom, the Working Group on Forced Marriage found that most cases were a result of â€Å"loving manipulation, where parents genuinely felt that they were acting in their children and family’s best interests. †   To families living in poverty or economic instability, a daughter may be seen as an â€Å"economic burden† who must be married as soon as possible to take financial strain off of the family. Marriage can also be used to settle a debt, or to strengthen family or caste status through social alliances. Fears about sexual activity before marriage, or fear of rumors about such activity ruining a daughter’s opportunity to marry well, also fuel early and forced marriages. >> Learn more Consequences and Effects Forced and child marriages have severe psychological, emotional, medical, financial, and legal consequences. Victims tend to be isolated from their peers and friends. They rarely have access to social services that could assist them. Early marriages often interrupt a victim’s education. This deprives them of their right to education, as well as limits any possibility of economic independence from their spouse, making it more difficult to escape from an unwanted marriage. The unofficial nature of many of these marriages means that they often go unregistered, leaving a woman with no legal protections in cases of separation. Forced and child marriages are also more likely to become violent because the relationship is based on the power of one spouse over the other. In addition, complications during childbirth are much more common among young mothers. >>Learn more International and Domestic Law and Policies Numerous international legal instruments prohibit forced and child marriage, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Although most countries have signed onto these documents, many countries have not taken sufficient steps to implement these treaties. In 2005, the Council of Europe adopted  Resolution 1468  on forced marriages and child marriages. However, only a few countries have criminalized forced marriage.

General Motors SWOT Analysis

General Motors Corporation (GM) is primarily engaged in the production of vehicles. It designs, manufactures and markets car, trucks, and other automobile parts all over the world. GM has a strong brand portfolio gives it significant competitive advantage. However, sustained decline in light vehicle sales as a result of increasing durability of vehicles and weak economic conditional pressure on the overall performance of the company.Strengths:Global presence, GM was the leading auto manufacturer in terms of sales for 77 years until 2007. The business has grown its presence in the world and is now operating in 157 countries, while its Chevrolet brand reached world record sales (4.95 million units). New vision and strategy, after 2008 bailout, GM has experienced major changes and reorganized the way it does business. New members were appointed to the firm’s management team with Daniel Akerson as the CEO.He shook GM†s bureaucratic organizational culture and introduced new s trategy and visions to the business. GM became smaller but leaner and is becoming more. Strong brand portfolio, GM currently sells 18 automobile brand to satisfy as many customer needs as possible. The most  popular brand are Cadillac, Buick GMC, and Chevrolet that sells very well in USA and China. Chevrolet reached global sales record and sold 4.95 million units in 2012. Strong presence in China, China is the largest automotive market and is an emerging economy that grows steadily. It is also the second largest market for GM in terms of vehicle units sold.An early entrance into China, well performing partnerships and local Buick brand are the main reasons why GM has a strong position in China’s automotive market. Knowledge of home market, GM is the largest car manufacturer in US and currently holds more than 18% market share. This is mainly due to extensive knowledge of US market and its consumer. 4 well performing brands, GM’s has one of the highest cost structures compared to all automobiles manufacturers. GM’s Cadillac, GMC, Chevrolet, and Buick are among the best-selling brands in US and China and brings in more than 80% of all General Motors sales.Weakness:High cost structures, GM has one of the highest cost structures compared to all automobiles manufacturers. GM costs are driven by its generous employee compensation and pension plans. Although GM has reduced its cost after 2008 it still has a lot to do to become cost competitive. Brand dilution, GM controls 18 automobile brands that vary in quality and are sold in separate markets. With so many brands in sales, customers find it hard to identify which brand belongs to GM family, as only one of 18 brands carry GM letters.The result is lower GM brand awareness. Bureaucratic culture, before reorganization in 2008, GM was infamous for its rigid culture and structure. Since them, the company has made some cultural and structural changes but should continue improving as it isn’t as quick as it competitors in reaching to constantly changing environment. Car recall, last year, General Motors recalled 119,000 pickups due to missing hood latch. The same year it had to recall it Chevrolet volt and fix battery problems. Recalls are expensive and damages brand reputation, especially when the company announces them so often.Opportunities:Positive attitude toward â€Å"green† vehicle, today consumers are more aware of the negative effects (air pollution) caused by cars fueled by petrol and diesel. Large quantities of CO2 emission intensity greenhouse effect, and negatively impact the life on earth, and thus, consumers are more likely to buy new hybrid and electrical cars that emit less co2. Increasing fuel price, increasing fuel prices open up large markets for GM’s hybrid and electric cars as consumers shift toward cheaper fuel types. Changing customer needs, by introducing new cars models, General Motors would be able to meet changing customer needs for smaller and more fuel-efficient cars. Growth through acquisitions, GM has successfully acquired many car companies in the past and should continue doing so to gain new skills assets and access to new market.Threats:Fluctuating fuel prices, due to increasing extraction of shale gas, future fuel prices should drop and make electric and hybrid cars less attractive. GM would treat the project of hybrid and electric cars as losses, rather than perspective future cars. On the other hand, steeping fuel prices would make current GM models less attractive to cost conscious consumer lower amounts of fuel. New emission standards, a new wave for stricter regulation on vehicle emission standards may negatively affect GM’s finances. The corporate would have to invest large amount of money to comply with these new standards.Rising raw material prices, rising prices for raw metals will lift the cost for auto manufactures and result in squeezed profits for the companies. Intense competit ion, for 77 years from 1931 to 2007, GM led global sales of vehicles, but lost its position in 2008 due to increased competition of cheaper and better quality cars, especially from Japan and South Korea. Exchange rates, China are GM’s second largest market and the business earns huge profits there. Exchange rate fluctuations threaten GM’s profits if the dollar would appreciate against Chinese renminbi.

Effects Divorce Has on Children Essay Example

Effects Divorce Has on Children Essay Example Effects Divorce Has on Children Essay Effects Divorce Has on Children Essay Pablo Del Toro Ms. Wedemeyer ENG 101. 600/601 12 July 2010 Divorce Affecting Children More than half of all relationships in the Unites States result in a divorce. It is not only emotional and devastating for the couple but this also has a huge effect on the children involved. Many parents that go through these crises lack the knowledge of the effects that their children may go through. They may not know the internal and external effects that may happen through the eyes of a child. When divorce happens in a child’s environment many feelings start to take place. Some may have feelings of confusion and some may express themselves through anger. A child may have a conduct disorder to express their feelings of hurtfulness and sorrow, the child may show signs of impulsivity and hyperactivity which may lead to antisocialism. These are many signs that can be easily seen in children, but there are other feelings that may not be as noticeable by a child like depression and anxiety. These feelings lead many children to lower cognitive and social competence. Therefore lower social competence children may start to have academic problems that may lead to many obstacles throughout the child’s life. Many studies showed that a child that had experienced divorce showed lower IQ results in reading, spelling, and math than a child with an intact family. Many teachers noticed that students who came from divorce families were more likely to be given â€Å"lower teacher ratings of academic achievement, independent learning, involvement, and intellectual dependency† (Grych par. 8). This was not the only problems divorce children showed but they also stood out in class as being the one that always would disturb others, this distracted other kids in class and became a major problem to teachers. Since many children experience divorce at a young age these effects seem to carry on throughout their life, many experience â€Å"poorer school performances and less ambitious education plans, fewer had a high school education and more of them were employed† (Aro p 424). There are factors that do specify how a child may act; one of these factors is gender. There are studies that do show that boys tend to act a little more different than girls. Boys tend to be more aggressive and have a bad conduct while girls are the ones that tend to be shyer and get depressed and may have a lower self esteem. In girls, studies show that â€Å"at age 22, 17. 4% of the daughters from divorce families scored for depression in the S-BDI, compared with 11. 5% of the daughters from nondivorced families† (Aro p 424). For boys the same study was done and showed that â€Å"sons were 14. 0% vs. 7. %† (Aro p 424). Age is another factor that explains the way humans act when a divorce occurs. In young children their of understanding why certain things happen are not quite clear and this may lead to a child blaming themselves for their parents’ divorce or even having the fear of being abandoned. A child that is in their elementary years has a little more knowledge and there behaviors may be more concerned in the concept of why their parents le ft each other and may long for their departure resulting in depression. When a child is at an older age they â€Å"express greater anger about the divorce, tend to blame one of the parents for the divorce, and may develop somatic symptoms† (Grych par 12). Regardless of any age difference the ones that have the most impact are the younger children. Economic status also has a huge effect in a child’s life. When a family stays together there are typically two ways of income, one from the father and one from the mother. Both of these incomes become one and when the parents divide the income is split. This is where a child’s environment changes and many stress factors come in place. One factor that greatly influences a child’s life is the way a divorce is handled by the parents. Every parent goes through the process of custody. A parent should try to never fight over who is going to take the child in front of the child. The preferred way of doing things is to obtain a mediator. This person whom the two adults hire is a person that they will talk and figure out and come to an understanding of what both parents want instead of fighting over the issues in a court room and having the judge decide the outcome for them. Research shows that â€Å"mediation decreases the likelihood of litigations after the final divorce decree and leads to a higher rate of pretrial agreements and to greater satisfaction with the divorce process among divorcing couples† (Grynch par 77). This is a crucial aspect in the family’s life because this is the turning point that decides when and how often the child is going to get to see each parent. The second important factor is the discipline each parent brings to their children. Research shows that both parent genders have different ways of disciplining the child after a divorce happens. A mother whom has the most custody over her child tends to have fewer demands on behavior resulting in very few monitoring of her children and tend to have a decrease in communication. Studies show that mothers tend to be â€Å"more inconsistent in their discipline, had less positive relationships with their children, and made fewer maturity demands† (Marjorie p 146) . As for fathers they tend to be more permissive and indulgent and this may result in children being obeying and following the house rules. There are many support groups that can help parents deal with the hardships of divorce like the â€Å"Stolberg Cullen† program. This program is 10 sessions long and focuses on â€Å"problems faced by custodial parents, common emotional responses to divorce, and methods for helping ex-spouses develop a cooperative coparental relationship after the divorce† (Grynch par 50). There are other groups that help divorce parents like; â€Å"Wolchik, Westover, Sandler, and Balls†, Kessler Beyond Divorce program†, and â€Å"Bloom, Hodges, Kern, McFaddin† program. All of these programs have goals to improve â€Å"discipline skills, improving communication between parents and children and between former spouses, and controlling feelings† (Grinch par 53). There are also groups for children that have experienced divorce. These groups are made to â€Å"help children by alleviating the negative feelings, misconceptions, and practical problems† (Grinch par 17). One type of group is an environment that involves sessions with four to ten children in a group. This group is meant to help the child not feel alone and helps the child understand that other children like them are going through the same; the child may also feel more comfortable sharing their experience with people their same age. Another type of group is done in school; this is a erfect method to give more children an opportunity to meet with a counselor or a case worker. Many children that come from lower income families do not have the privilege to get this kind of help and by schools doing this it lets many children receive the help and support they may need. Another good aspect of the school method is that since everything is done in school the counselor and the teacher s have a better understanding of how the child is doing on a daily basis because it is easy for the teacher and counselor to communicate what is going on throughout the school day. More than half of all relationships in the Unites States result in a divorce. It is not only emotional and devastating for the couple but this also has a huge effect on the children involved. Many parents that go through these crises lack the knowledge of the effects that their children may go through. They may not know the internal and external effects that may happen through the eyes of a child. Aro, Hillevi M. , and Ulla K. Palosaari. Parental divorce, adolescence, and transition to young adulthood: A follow-up study. Ebscohost. US: American Orthopsychiatric Association, Inc. , 01 Dec. 1992. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. . Grych, John H. Interventions for children of divorce: Toward greater integration of research and action. Ebscohost. US: American Psychological Association, 01 Aug. 1992. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. . Marjorie, Pett A. , Bruce E. Wampold, Charles W. Turner, and Beth Vaughan-Cole. Paths of influence of divorce on preschool childrens psychosocial adjustment. Ebscohost 19990701. US: American Psychological Association, 1 July 1999. Web. 16 N

Rare Earth Properties

Rare Earth Properties When you look at the Periodic Table, there is a two-row block of elements located below the main body of the chart. These elements, plus lanthanum (element 57) and actinium (element 89), are known collectively as the rare earth elements or rare earth metals. Actually, they arent particularly rare, but prior to 1945, long and tedious processes were required to purify the metals from their oxides. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction processes are used today to quickly produce highly pure, low-cost rare earths, but the old name is still in use. The rare earth metals are found in group 3 of the periodic table, and the 6th (5d electronic configuration) and 7th (5f electronic configuration) periods. There are some arguments for starting the 3rd and 4th transition series with lutetium and lawrencium rather than lanthanum and actinium. There are two blocks of rare earths, the lanthanide series, and the actinide series. Lanthanum and actinium are both located in group IIIB of the table. When you look at the periodic table, notice that the atomic numbers make a jump from lanthanum (57) to hafnium (72) and from actinium (89) to rutherfordium (104). If you skip down to the bottom of the table, you can follow the atomic numbers from lanthanum to cerium and from actinium to thorium, and then back up to the main body of the table. Some chemists exclude lanthanum and actinium from the rare earths, considering the lanthanides to start following lanthanum and the actinides to start following actinium. In a way, the rare earths are special transition metals, possessing many of the properties of these elements. Common Properties of the Rare Earths These common properties apply to both the lanthanides and actinides. The rare earths are silver, silvery-white, or gray metals.The metals have a high luster but tarnish readily in air.The metals have high electrical conductivity.The rare earths share many common properties. This makes them difficult to separate or even distinguish from each other.There are very small differences in solubility and complex formation between the rare earths.The rare earth metals naturally occur together in minerals (e.g., monazite is a mixed rare earth phosphate).Rare earths are found with non-metals, usually in the 3 oxidation state. There is little tendency to vary the valence. (Europium also has a valence of 2 and cerium also a valence of 4.)

Ethical issues in packaging practices Research Paper

Ethical issues in packaging practices - Research Paper Example The ethical perception of issues related to packaging can be demarcated based on opinionated judgments of related packaging professionals, ethically interested customers along with brand managers. Moreover, the difference of opinions between consumers and business practitioners can be observed in terms of ethical sensitivity, perceived norms of industry along with apparent outcomes of practices of business. It can also be observed that business practitioners are identified to be possessing lower ethical sensitivity. On the other hand, ethically interested customers are very much concerned about the issue of packaging as compared to the business people. Furthermore, in this regard, it can be apparently viewed that ethical issues in packaging practices include label information, packaging safety, packaging graphics as well as environmental issues (Bone & Corey, 2000). Contextually, green packaging can be considered as a new breakthrough of consumer issue in order to deal with and shed more light on the modern day consumer standpoints related to the ethical issues associated with packaging. From the above evidences, it is quite evident that packaging in the sustainable manner has been preferred by customers in the global market context. Green packaging has been the standout facet which is based on rendering environmental friendly offerings for consumers in order to decrease unwanted substances and other significant aspects. Packaging is also considered as the lowest expensive form of advertisement. Thus, this invaluable source of inexpensive communication media needs to be carefully handled by concerned marketers keeping in consideration the ethical aspects associated with the use of this imperative facet (Shimp, 2010). With these considerations, the paper aims to explain the ethical stand on one of the major environmental concerning issues i.e. packaging. Prevalent Packaging Practices and Ethical Concerns The practices which are related to packaging both directly and indirectly can be observed on the basis of quality and quantity of the product. It can be stated that the size of packaging along with the contents are employed to create awareness about the varied product related information. The offered quality and substance of the product are generally demarcated on the packaging. However, at times, it is evidently observed that design for packaging depicts information for misleading consumers towards purchasing that product. Therein lays the emergence of ethical issues which can severely dent the prevailing trust of the consumers in the long run. Another implication related to packaging practices can be identified as producer at times imitates packaging patterns for misleading about actual product quality as well as at times pricing is indicated wrongly or eliminated from packaging (European Parliament, 2012). In the modern day context, packaging issues can be considered to be significant in terms of creating environmental concerns. As a re sult of which, most of the organizations are emphasizing on using lesser amount of packaging in order to keep the environment free from waste and pollution. Modern day marketers have been compelled to focus on the materials used for packaging which are reusable and renewable and are produced from proper utilization of natural resources. It can also be mentioned that packaging accounts for nearly half of the carbon

Economic Considerations Should be the Basis of Tort Law Essay

Economic Considerations Should be the Basis of Tort Law - Essay Example Intentional torts on the other hand refer to harm or injury caused to a person or persons by the intentional misconduct of another or others. Theft, assault, arson and fraud are good examples of causes of intentional torts. Liability torts tend to focus on the damages resulting from a person's act rather than the intention. This means that if an action causes harm, the performer of the same is liable regardless of whether they exercised the expected degree of care or not or whether the action was maliciously done or was a result of an accident. The economic framework states that each society has laws, institutions, policies which lead to inequitable distributions of economic resources and burdens among members of any given society. These economic frameworks because human political processes which eventually lead to change, both across and within societies with time. Structurally these frameworks are beneficial as the economic distributions arising from them usually affect human live. The tort law has over time evolved in many jurisdictions to consider the legal and economical implications since these are the two most important aspects of the tort laws.One theory that has developed is the deterrence theory. This theory is most applicable in accident prevention. Essential the theory aims at reducing the occurrence of accidents by making those responsible for the accident bear heavy financial cost for their unsafe conduct. General and specific deterrence are handled quite differently in tort law. The tort law admonitory effect largely dictates on how specific deterrence goes. Insurance services, however, cushion the defendant from feeling the adverse effects of this approach to tort law. In traffic accidents for instance, the motorist who causes the accident hardly feels a pinch from the monetary damages they are required to pay as the same is catered for by insurance services. The deterrence is completely lost. Deterrence theory has been said to change the primar y focus of the tort law. The crafter of the tort law intended to reduce injury through deterring behavior likely to cause harm. a careful and critical analysis of the tort law however proves that the approach of deterring through burdening those who cause harm financially may not have the desired effect due to several factors. The approach assumes that in the normal conditions, people tend hold maximization of wealth as their primary goal. This may not be strictly true in all societies. The theory further makes the assumption that there exists a large psychological relationship between safer conduct and tort law as people will tend to behave more safely to avoid being subjected to tort fines. This assumption tends to suggest that people behave rationally and are guided by projected consequences of their actions. This is not the case on the ground. Studies have shown that a driver is more likely to commit an accident if they have been fined for an earlier accident. Human nature has b een described by many classical philosophers as being rebellious. Once a driver has caused an accident and has gotten away with just a fine, they do not improve their driving since their minds are unconsciously programmed that all they will have to do is to pay a fine if they cause an accident.2 The most fundamental question that ought to be asked when analyzing the deterrence theory is: Does tort law really deter? Economic analysis largely dominates legal discussion on tort law. This is in order because the economic aspect of the same cannot be