Roman Wars Pre-Empire

Is Conceptual Critiques Relevant for Psychology - 1472 Words

We shall consider Skinner’s Operant Conditioning theory as another type of example on Conceptual Critiques (Skinner, 1963). His theory states that the best way to understand a behavior is to look at the association made between the behavior and the consequence of that behavior. Although Skinner’s primary interest was in human behavior, most of his research was done on animals using laboratory apparatus well known as the Skinner box. Hence, in his experiment, Skinner placed rats in the Skinner box and observed its’ behaviors. Initially, these rats would be randomly moving around exploring, and would usually press the bar accidently. At this point, a food pellet would drop into the tray. He observed that if a hungry rat receives a pellet of†¦show more content†¦Moreover, these authors had also purposely ignored asking the child’s justifications, repetitive questioning and did not offer counter suggestions (Siegel, 1982). Although, now it widely accepted that young children that have been qualified to have operational competencies, on further analysis there were only preoperational competencies (Lourenà §o Machado, 1996). In this example, Conceptual Critiques were a defense for Piaget’s theory. In science, experimentation and statistical analysis of data are important practices. However, they are taken as ends rather than means. Besides, when questions that are only answerable by experiments are deemed to be worth asking; when experiments are published because they use sophisticated techniques; and when numbers are advantaged regardless of whether true measurement has been achieved then, science would be regarded as bias towards factual inquiries. Piaget’s theory would an example of how Conceptual Critiques could be a defensive mechanism to uphold the integrity of a theory. Since he stated his concepts, inferences and hypothesis clearly, it is now an advantage for him to prevent future condemnations of his work. In other words, when taken Conceptual Critiques into consideration it could be used to increase theoretical accuracy. Thus, I would like to stress that Psychologist should take C onceptual Critiques into consideration in theirShow MoreRelated A Perception and Motivation Study Among Married Adults Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Article Critique: Forgiveness: A perception and motivation study among married adults Abstract The article is endeavors to observe the possible correlation between general forgiveness (actually forgiving) and perceptions of forgiveness (a belief in the concept). This is a summary analyzing the credibility of the article. 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Applied Counseling Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

Question: Discuss about theApplied Counselingfor Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Answer: Introduction People encounter problems or obstacles in their lives and that affect them emotionally. These problems have serious repercussions and find it difficult to cope with it on their own. They find it difficult to convey their personal crisis and vulnerabilities to their families and friends. An effective counseling course provides the person an opportunity to express their personal matters safely and find resolutions or provide acceptance to them in coping with the encountered problems (Corey 2015). The effective counseling has a dual relationship. It is an empathetic effort between the receiving person and the counselor. It is a commitment made to the counseling person to change their behavior and thinking patterns. There are many phases in an effective counseling session. The acts of relationship building, assessment of the crisis or problem, the goal setting for an effective counseling session, the alteration in the behavior of the receiving counseling patient and the termination of th e session evaluating the sensitivity and referral from the client (Okun and Kantrowitz 2014). The heart of the counseling is the development of empathic attending skill in the session (Linehan 2014). I believe that the counseling person should be heartily in my company and provide full attention to the session. The counselor should provide its full attention to the client empathically by attending behavior. As a counselor, I believe the role of attending a session, the act of effective listening to the skills and asking questions are the key aspects in an effective counseling session. The active and the passive engagement helps the client to tell about their issues, building a rapport and encourages interpersonal communication. On the other hand, a counselor should also welcome the client warmly. While attending a session, a counselor should also make a client feel comfortable in disclosing their thoughts and emotions (Fatter and Hayes 2013). Being a counselor, for developing the attending skills, I focus on every clue, pause and piece of information provided by the client. The attention should be directed only to the client and going with the flow of the client. This is sometimes difficult for the counselor to be focused on the client but physical and mental attention is required directed to the receiving person. I act patiently and try to make the client free from constraints and psychological blockage. In the process of developing attending skill, there should be a gradual building of relationship between the client and the counselor. It begins with the introduction of the client along with other necessary background information required for the counseling session to begin. There should a comfortable interaction between them and that helps to gain knowledge about the client on a personal level. The client should feel valued, accepted and is willing to share their personal information to the counselor (Ivey, Ivey and Zalaquett 2013). The attending of empathic behavior is also associated with active listening skills of the counselor and the client. It is a fundamental tool in the counseling process. It is not only the process of listening to the client but also showing the client that you are involved in listening and understanding the clients problem. The communication via listening is the main requirement in an effective counseling session (Barnett et al. 2014). Being a counselor, I believe in listening and communicating with the client is the most valuable asset and key to a counseling work. The active listening gives the client encouragement to talk without hesitation, ensuring a positive and open environment for the client. It is the act of taking interest in the client and making them feel understood in conveying their feeling and personal information (Fawcett and Borck-Jameson 2014). In an active listening session, I take a note of the exact words, body language and pitch of the client. There is a phase of reflective listening that is equally important. In this process, a counselor restates whatever said by the client as to convey to them that they have been heard clearly. It is a process of acknowledging the client and validating them so that they can talk further. I believe, while listening, a counselor should avoid any kind of distractions and by not being judgmental, support the client in the best possible way. The speaker should feel positive and could interact on a deeper level in conveying the personal information (Nelson-Jones 2015). The reflective listening consists of paraphrasing, as it is a reflection of the content. It does not necessarily mean that the counselor have to keep an account of every word, rather have to give emphasis on important facts that client convey. It is the understanding of the client that they are accurately heard and not feel ignored (Miller and Rollnick 2012). The reflection of feeling comprises of the awareness that the counselor is competent about the feelings and the emotions and is willing to hear. It is effective in a counseling session because the client would be prompt to speak without any hesitation or interruption. I also prefer selective listening in a counseling session. I give attention to selective facts that are important conveyed by the client and overlook the other information. For example, if a client is depressed in the first meet, but with continuous session, they start to feel positive in their thoughts and behavior, the counselor only pay attention to the facts that relay the initial state of the depression. During the question session, I ask the client to keep take away notes or recording of the session and have them on their desk to be used during the next session. After the listening session, there is an active session for questioning. The art of asking questions to the clients is the most difficult job of a counselor in a psychotherapy process. After the clients conveys the problems or tell their story, the counselor asks questions to clarify each piece of information provided by the client. It provides a platform for new questions and provides new areas for discussion. It helps to point out the issue and clarify the doubts regarding the information perceived. It is a medium for self-exploration as it helps the client to recall the information related to the clients journey (Dryden 2013). Asking questions to the client will convey the client that the counselor is informed about all the answers. For questioning, the counselors have to be knowledgeable in asking the appropriate and direct questions to the client (Evans et al. 2015). The questions asked in a counseling session are very specific and accurate in perceiving the right information from the client. For example, the questions like have you been to a counseling session before? From your viewpoint, what is the problem that you are suffering? How do you feel about your problem and what makes you feel better? and most importantly the questions What do you expect from the counseling session that you are here? and why are you taking up this counseling session?. The questioning is very crucial to get the honest answers and to build an emotional relationship between the receiving counseling and the counselor. There are two kinds of questioning done in a counseling session: the open and closed type of questions. The open kind of questions is asked that are answered in a detailed way. They are the best kind of questions asked as it builds a trusting relationship between the client and the counselor. It makes the client goes into a deeper thought and exploration of their story. In the process of asking questions, the counselor should be very careful, as the questions should not provoke any kind of offensive feeling in the client leading to negativity (Rogers 2012). The closed questions are answered in short forms with responses like yes or no. These kind of closed questions calls off any discussion, obtain pertinent information and not exploring the crisis. The client feels considerate that their problems are heard and they can feel empathized. From my perspective, I think the questions asked could also help the client to feel motivated to be on the track and not deviated in any form. After the questioning session, the counselor takes into account the clients view about the session and evaluates it. After the evaluation, the session is terminated with the referral from the client. The job of being a counselor is not easy. They have the responsibility to change a persons way of thinking and behavior encountered with a problem or suffering. People and their story are different, so the counselor has to behave differently in dealing them. They have to be patient in dealing a person seeking counseling as it could provoke negative thoughts or offensiveness in the client. The real sense of concern for the client condition is required in a counselor for the effective counseling session to occur. The counseling is a way of building trust between two people to understand the problem and find ways to minimize or solve to make them live life in a better way. Therefore, by continuous practice and commitment in this arena, a counselor could help people live life from a new and better perspective. References: Barnett, E., Spruijt-Metz, D., Moyers, T.B., Smith, C., Rohrbach, L.A., Sun, P. and Sussman, S., 2014. Bidirectional relationships between client and counselor speech: The importance of reframing.Psychology of addictive behaviors,28(4), p.1212. Corey, G., 2015.Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Nelson Education. Dryden, W., 2013. Rational-Emotive Therapy.Self-Disclosure in the Therapeutic Relationship, p.61. Evans, D.R., Hearn, M.T., Uhlemann, M.R. and Ivey, A.E., 2015.Essential interviewing: A programmed approach to effective communication. Nelson Education. Fatter, D.M. and Hayes, J.A., 2013. What facilitates countertransference management? The roles of therapist meditation, mindfulness, and self-differentiation.Psychotherapy Research,23(5), pp.502-513. Fawcett, S.B. and Borck-Jameson, L., 2014.Learning counseling and problem-solving skills. Routledge. Ivey, A.E., Ivey, M. and Zalaquett, C.P., 2013.Intentional interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society. Nelson Education. Linehan, M.M., 2014.DBT skills training manual. Guilford Publications. Miller, W.R. and Rollnick, S., 2012.Motivational interviewing: Helping people change. Guilford press. Nelson-Jones, R., 2015.Basic counselling skills: a helper's manual. Sage. Okun, B.F. and Kantrowitz, R.E., 2014.Effective helping: Interviewing and counseling techniques. Nelson Education. Rogers, C., 2012.Client Centred Therapy (New Ed). Hachette UK.

The Presidental Limits Essay Example For Students

The Presidental Limits Essay The President of the United States is the most powerful wo/man in the world. There are few limits to what s/he can do. The Constitution created the institution of the presidency in 1789, power of the president has gradually grown from what was first envisioned. The presidential powers were set up to be limited by separation of powers into three branches of government, by the checks and balances scribed in the constitution, by federal systems, political parties and the media. The president is elected for a four-year term in office, maximum of eight years. Framers of the Articles of Confederation felt that liberty could only be enjoyed with checks set up by an executive branch of government. The Constitution guarantees the presidency power as chief of state, chief executor, commander and chief, chief legislator, and chief diplomat. We will write a custom essay on The Presidental Limits specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As chief of state, the president is head of state and government, which overflows into the position as chief executive. The head of government manages the organization of the executive branch of the government. The executive branch of the government includes fourteen cabinet departments, and sixty executive and regulatory agencies. Many countries have a Prime Minister and a monarch to oversee the government. The monarch’s job is the head of state, and the Prime Minister would be head of government. The president is the administrator of the people’s power, and the figurehead for the nation. The chief executive has the power to grant reprieves and pardons to citizens for infractions against the United States. The bureaucracy is often inflexible for the president. The president is commander and chief of the US armed forces. The president reserves the right to order all wars and full dispatch of the armed forces. The commander-in-chief power has been cited to justify commitment of the armed forces to scores of short-term hostilities. In 1973 Congress passed the War Power Act it states the president has to report to Congress the use of military force with in forty-eight hours, must report to Congress if the combat lasts more than sixty days, and Congress holds the right to withdraw troops at once, which is not subject to presidential veto. The constitution states that Congress has power to declare war, they have not done so since 1941. The powers granted to the president as commander and chief are vast. Since s/he has to contend with Congress and the bureaucracy their power can weaken. Chief Legislator of the United States can address the nation to tell the American public their new legislative program. If the counter party primarily controls Co ngress, the president holds little to no power in the legislative office. The president’s role as chief diplomat of the United States requires the direct communication with leaders of other countries, and to promotion the interests of the United States abroad. To ensure the United States does not appear divided to the rest of the world the president is allowed to use his own discretion with regard to foreign policy. The Constitution does not clearly describe the role of the president in foreign policy. It states that the president can make treaties and receive and appoint foreign ambassadors, with the requirement that they have to be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Senate. The president also has the power to acknowledge foreign governments. The United States refused to acknowledge the Soviet Union until after the Russian Revolution. This two-thirds rule has often driven presidents to use executive agreements instead. The term executive agreement is not in the Constitutio n. They are agreements between the president and foreign leaders that do not require Senate approval. The president’s power is only weakened in this area if Congress intervenes. Like other kinds of power, formal presidential power cannot always be used in all its fullness. Several major factors determine the way presidents exert power at any given time. A president needs opportunities for using power. Presidents have employed their powers most fully in visible major crises, such as the Civil War and the world wars, and in grave economic emergency such as the Great Depression of the 1930s, when one-fourth of the workforce was unemployed. When crises are less obvious, as in the energy crisis of the 1970s, the president may have difficulty persuading the public and Congress of the necessity for serious action. .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 , .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 .postImageUrl , .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 , .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402:hover , .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402:visited , .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402:active { border:0!important; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402:active , .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402 .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34a90b619de865ea5ec2b28da0ff9402:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: P1 web architecture and components ver2 EssayThe President has roles that were not stated in the constitution, chief of party, and the media. The president relies heavily on his personal and political skills for these roles. Personality characteristics cause a president to work very hard, but without being attuned to public sentiment. The strivings of these individuals may become so compulsive as to lead to the rigid and futile pursuit of a policy. President Wilson, for example, took an absolute stand on the League of Nations, rejecting compromises that might have saved much of his project in the Senate. How the president uses power may also depend on the presidents own co nception of the office. Some presidents, such as Buchanan or Taft have interpreted their powers narrowly, declining to act unless power was specifically granted in the Constitution or in statutes. At the other extreme are the presidents who, like Roosevelt, felt constrained in their positions only by what is expressly forbidden by the Constitution. Public opinion has a great impact on the president’s decisions, s/he can not make all people happy with one decision. Often president’s have to consider their actions effects on their political party. The presidential office is protected by a rigorous impeachment procedure. Conviction requires a two-thirds vote of the senators present. President Nixon, facing impeachment and almost certain conviction, became the first president to resign. President Ford, exercising the presidents pardoning power, pardoned Nixon for all federal crimes that he committed or may have committed or taken part in. Johnson and Clinton were the only two presidents to be impeached and win acquittal. Clinton won by a larger margin than Johnson did. Presidents also claim to possess executive privilege, or the right to withhold information from Congress and the public. In court proceedings concerning Watergate, President Nixon and Whitewater, President Clinton sought withhold evidence from the Supreme Court. The courts ruled that executive privilege did not immunize either of them from judicial proceedings. After the long drawn out and eventually unpopular Vietnam War and the excesses of Watergate, the presidency passed into an era of criticism and reassessment. The office was seen to have become inordinately powerful and to be threatening or violating civil liberties. It was viewed as having placed the political system in disarray by drawing excessive power to the presidency at the expense of the other branches. All too often the presidencys power expands by congressional default by the disinclination of the legislature to deal directly with national problems. The bureaucracy of the executive branch has shown itself incapable of a great deal of initiative, addicted to established routines and averse to new ideas with their accompanying risks of failure, the bureaucracy has preferred to leave innovation to the White House staff. This in turn has perhaps encouraged presidential subordinates to use and abuse their power in ways that are symptomatic of the presidencys excesses. In the late 1970s, however, public sentiment began to call for a more assertive presidency that could provide greater leadership to a fragmented and interest ridden Congress and that could act decisively on the array of stubborn problems that troubled Americans. President Jimmy Carters inability to guide many of his legislative initiatives through Congress weakened his administration. Carters successor, Ronald Reagan, who won two landslide election victories, was notably more successful in getting Congress to do his bidding, especially in the areas of increased military spending and tax reform. However, the Reagan administration stumbled into the Iran Contra Affair. In effect the appropriations process was bypassed, a grave violation of the Constitution. Congress became more assertive after Watergate, passing the War Powers act and other measures to control presidential abuses. It also created its own Budget Office to sharpen its annual review of the budget. Congress employed the appropriation s power to constrain presidential initiatives in foreign affairs, with consequences that could be seen in the chief executives limited responses to military crises in Angola and Zaire. Congress enlarged its own body of experts on committee staffs, in the General Accounting Office, in the Congressional Budget Office, and in the offices of individual legislators and committees, enhancing its ability to challenge the bureaucracies of the executive departments. .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 , .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 .postImageUrl , .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 , .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6:hover , .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6:visited , .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6:active { border:0!important; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6:active , .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6 .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f28e0a3d3570000f4a269ab4c9c23c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Rejection Essay PaperThe presidency was created with broad controls, the people in the position learned how to get around the controls. Presidents have enlarged their power in relations with Congress. Early presidents only used the veto when they felt legislation was unconstitutional. Since Nixon, the practice of the veto has been widely expanded. The powers of the president are relative, when dealing with certain policies s/he has little power, also the power allowed has to deal with the state of the nation. Bibliography: